Autonomous Vehicles: Rise, Ethics, and Accidents Liabilities!
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have been touted as the future of transportation, promising increased safety, reduced traffic congestion, and improved fuel efficiency. However, with the development of this technology comes a host of ethical questions, particularly around who is responsible in the event of an accident. In this article, we will address the issues and develop a framework for ethical decision-making to ensure that the benefits of this technology are realized without sacrificing safety or accountability.
The concept of an autonomous vehicle is relatively straightforward: it is a vehicle that can operate without the need for a human driver. This is achieved through the seamless integration of sensors, cameras, and advanced software that allow the vehicle to sense its environment, make decisions, and execute actions such as accelerating, braking, and steering. AVs are already in use in limited capacities, such as ride-sharing services and package delivery, and are expected to become increasingly common in the coming years.
Why Autonomous Vehicles are Gaining Popularity
Autonomous vehicles are becoming increasingly popular due to several factors. Here are some of the key aspects behind the rise of autonomous vehicles:
- Technological advancements: The development of advanced sensors, machine learning algorithms, and high-speed computing power has made it possible for vehicles to “see” and “understand” their surroundings, allowing them to make decisions and navigate roads without human input.
- Safety: Autonomous vehicles have the potential to reduce the number of accidents caused by human error significantly. Self-driving cars can react more quickly to unexpected situations, and their sensors can detect hazards that a human driver might overlook.
- Convenience: Autonomous vehicles have the potential to make transportation more convenient, especially for people who are unable or unwilling to drive. With a self-driving car, passengers can use their travel time more productively or for leisure instead of focusing on the road.
- Environmental benefits: Self-driving cars can potentially reduce fuel consumption and emissions. Autonomous vehicles could reduce greenhouse gas emissions with more efficient routing, acceleration, and the potential for shared rides.
- Economic benefits: Self-driving cars can potentially reduce transportation costs, especially for businesses that rely on transportation. For example, companies could save on labor costs and reduce delivery times by using autonomous trucks.
Regardless of the popularity, some concerns remain regarding fully upgrading to AV. A survey by the American Automobile Association (AAA) found that only 12% of drivers would feel comfortable riding in a fully autonomous vehicle—this suggests that there is still significant public skepticism around the safety and reliability of AVs. Ethical issues such as liability and prioritizing the safety of vulnerable road users must be addressed to build public trust in this technology.
Ethical Issues Surrounding Autonomous Vehicles
Ultimately, the ethical issues surrounding AVs are complex and multifaceted. Here are some of the issues that arise with AVs.
#1: Responsibility in the event of an accident
When a human is driving a car, they are generally held responsible for any accidents that occur. Whereas with AVs, the situation becomes more complicated. If an AV is involved in an accident, who is at fault? Is it the manufacturer of the vehicle, the software developer, or the owner/operator of the AV?
One possible framework for addressing this issue is the concept of “strict liability.” This legal principle holds manufacturers responsible for any harm caused by their products, regardless of fault. Under strict liability, if an AV were to cause an accident, the manufacturer would be held responsible, regardless of whether or not they were at fault—this would create an incentive for manufacturers to develop safe and reliable AVs, as they would be financially liable for all accidents.
According to a study by Deloitte, the adoption of AVs is expected to impact the auto insurance industry significantly. The study found that while AVs have the potential to reduce the frequency and severity of accidents, they could also increase the cost of repairs in the event of an accident—this could lead to a shift in liability from individual drivers to AV manufacturers and operators.
Another possible framework is to assign responsibility to the owner or operator of the AV. In this model, the person or organization that owns or operates the vehicle would be responsible for any accidents, similar to how liability is assigned in traditional car accidents. However, this approach may not be ideal for AVs, as it could incentivize owners to avoid responsibility by blaming accidents on software or hardware malfunctions.
A third framework is to assign responsibility to the software developer. In this model, the company that develops the software that controls the AV would be responsible for any accidents—this would create an incentive for software developers to create safe and reliable systems, as they would be financially liable for any accidents that occur. However, this approach could also create a chilling effect on innovation, as developers may be hesitant to experiment with new technologies due to the fear of being held liable for resultant accidents.
#2: How AVs should make decisions in the event of an accident
AVs are programmed to make decisions based on a set of rules and algorithms. Still, in the event of an unavoidable accident, they may need to make ethical decisions not clearly defined by their programming. For example, if an AV is faced with a choice between hitting a pedestrian or swerving into oncoming traffic, how should it make that decision?
One possible approach is to program AVs to prioritize the safety of the occupants of the vehicle—this would mean that in the event of an unavoidable accident, the AV would make decisions that prioritize the safety of the people inside the vehicle, even if that means causing harm to others. However, this approach has been criticized for being selfish and potentially harmful to other road users.
In 2019, there were 6,205 pedestrian fatalities in the United States, accounting for 17% of all traffic deaths. [1] While AVs can potentially reduce the number of accidents caused by human error, it is essential to consider how their decision-making algorithms will be developed to prioritize the safety of vulnerable road users.
Another approach is to program AVs to prioritize the safety of all road users. In the event of an unavoidable accident, the AV would make decisions that prioritize the safety of all people involved in the accident, regardless of whether they are inside the vehicle. This approach has been praised for being more ethical and fair, but it may be challenging to implement.
A third approach is to program AVs to make decisions based on a set of ethical principles. AVs would be programmed with values and principles that guide their decision-making in the event of an accident. For example, an AV may be programmed to prioritize minimizing harm, avoiding collisions with vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and cyclists, and following traffic laws. This approach would require a consensus on what ethical principles should guide AV decision-making, which could be difficult to achieve.
#3: Potential economic impact
A report by the Center for Global Policy Solutions estimates that the widespread adoption of AVs could lead to the loss of millions of jobs in the transportation industry, including truck drivers and taxi drivers. While AVs can create new job opportunities in areas such as software development and maintenance, it is crucial to consider the potential economic impact of this technology and ensure that it is deployed ethically and responsibly.
One possible solution is to create a regulatory framework that outlines clear guidelines for AV manufacturers and operators. This framework could include policies on liability, decision-making, and ethical principles.
Another solution is to promote public awareness and engagement around the ethical issues surrounding AVs. By engaging with the public and encouraging dialogue on these issues, we can ensure that the development and deployment of AVs reflect the values and priorities of society as a whole.
Conclusion
The ethics of autonomous vehicles is a complex and pressing issue that requires careful consideration and discussion. We must address these issues and develop a framework for ethical decision-making that prioritizes safety, accountability, and the values of society as a whole. By doing so, we can ensure that the benefits of this technology are realized without sacrificing ethical principles or the safety of those on the roads.
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Resources
- 6 Things Pedestrians Can Do to Reduce Pedestrian Accidents in the US. https://www.xtremespots.com/news/6-things-pedestrians-can-do-to-reduce-pedestrian-accidents-in-the-us/
